Introduction to alkanes pdf

Alkanes made of carbon chains are named based on how many carbons make up the chain. However, ignoring financial considerations, alkanes can be prepared from the following compounds. If you have any issue with postbook pdf kindly contact us. Feb 09, 2015 introduction to nomenclature alkanes knowbee. Unsaturated hydrocarbons alkenes and alkynes react with h 2 in the presence of finely divided catalysts such as platinum, palladium or nickel to form alkanes. In terms of occurrence and use, the simplest examples of alkanes are methane ch 4, the principal constituent of natural gas, ethane c 2 h 6, propane c 3 h 8, widely used as a gaseous fuel, and butane c 4 h 10, the liquid fuel in pocket lighters. The most basic type of organic compound is one made up exclusively of sp3 carbons covalently bonded to other carbons and hydrogens through sigma bonds only. Aromatic compounds derive their names from the fact that many of these compounds in the early days of discovery were grouped because they were oils with fragrant odors. To use physical and chemical properties to identify an unknown. In other words, an alkane consists of hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure in which all the carboncarbon bonds are single. Identify and name alkanes predict reactions of alkanes. Names of alkanes change depending on how many carbons are in them, and in turn, how many hydrogens are attached to those.

Isa organic and inorganic compounds hydrocarbons, properties and uses of organic compounds. To me it appears like a primeval tropical forest full of the most remarkable things, a dreadful endless jungle into which one does not dare enter, for there seems to be no way out. In addition to carbon dioxide, water and heat a variety of products are possible. Although their reactivities are often rather uninteresting, they provide an excellent basis for understanding bonding, conformation, and other. Alkane structure, properties and examples chemistry dictionary. Ca11eii alkanes uses importance as fuels, pollution effects. If the carbon atoms are linked in chains, the compounds are called aliphatic compounds. Like any other hydrocarbons, alkenes burn in air or oxygen, but these reactions are unimportant. Alkanes form a homologous series of moleculesthose with the same general formula and usually differing by one unit.

Due to the valence configuration of carbon, there are a variety of alkane isomers, which are commonly separated into linear and branched structures. Reactions of alkanes, alkenes, and cycloalkenes purpose. Overview of the intramolecular and intermolecular forces of attractions in organic molecules. Classification of alkane there are three types of alkanes. The process of using hydrogen gas to ensure all the products are alkanes is called hydrocracking. The first four alkanes are methane ch 4, ethane c 2 h 6, propane c 3 h 8 and butane c 4 h 10. Unsaturated hydrocarbons have one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms. Smaller, linear alkanes generally oxidize more readily than larger, more branched molecules. We introduced the three simplest alkanesmethane ch4, ethane c2h6, and propane. A halogen is also treated as a substituent when it comes to naming alkanes. An introduction to alkanes and alkenes teaching resources.

Learn the iupac system for naming alkanes and cycloalkanes. Such names are part of the iupacsystem international union of pure and applied chemistry used by chemists to name organic chemistry. The most simple alkane is methane with the formula ch 4. Hydrocarbons are simple organic compounds which contain only carbon and hydrogen. This section deals with wurtz reaction,frankland reaction. B halogenation halogenation a substitution reaction. Hydrocarbons di er primarily in the functional group. Alkanes the alkanes are a type of hydrocarbon in which the carbon atoms are connected only by single bonds. Introduction to alkanes information up to this point, the nomenclature you have been studying in this series of activities has been for what are known as inorganic compounds.

Alkanes are unsaturated have no doubletriple bonds, but may have rings. Pdf a textbook of organic chemistry by arun bahl pdf. Ca11eiii petroleum quality of petrol, meaning of octane number. To compare the chemical reactivity of an alkane, an alkene, and an aromatic compound. Structure of organic compounds an organic compound is a compound made from carbon atoms one or more cs and many hs. Alkane sequences form the inert framework of most organic compounds. The individual members are said to be homologs of each other. Janice gorzynski smith university of hawaii chapter 4 alkanes. Learn the important physical and chemical properties of the alkanes. It deals with their formulae and isomerism, their physical properties, and an introduction to their chemical reactivity. Alkanes can be burned in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy. An introduction alkanes are aliphatic hydrocarbons having onl. Sch 102 introduction to organic chemistry, chemistry of alkanes.

Pdf organic chemistry made easy for senior secondary schools. Unit 7 introduction to organic chemistry 3 lesson title and syllabus reference 8 alkanes as fuels ca11ei alkanes properties combustion. In addition to carbon dioxide, water and heat a variety of. Alkanes prepared by rabi ann musah state university of new york at albany 2 4.

Feedstocks used in the manufacture of polychlorinated alkanes 2. For this reason, alkanes are not formally considered a functional group. Alkanes are organic compounds that consist entirely of singlebonded carbon and hydrogen atoms and lack any other functional groups. Any series that differs only by an increasing number of ch 2 groups is known as a homologous series. In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin a historical name that also has other meanings, is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon.

Apr 04, 2018 introduction to alkane alkanes are saturated hydrocarbon consist of carbon and hydrogen only without any functional group. We will include compounds which contain a c bonded to a halogen also c1, f, br, i. Typically, the pi bond breaks and the electrons from it are used to join the two carbon atoms to other things. To investigate the physical properties, solubility, and density of some hydrocarbon. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons, which means that their carbon backbones contain no double or triple bonds. The smallest alkeneethenehas two c atoms and is also known by its common. Alkanes 2 organic chemistry nowadays almost drives me mad. For example, octane with eight carbon atoms has the formula c 8 h 18. Alkanes are less dense than water and swim on top of water 2.

Alkanes which have long carbon chains are often called paraffins in chemical industry. Alkanes are rarely prepared from other types of compounds because of economic reasons. Introduction to mechanisms the bond has broken in a process called homolytic fission. All organic compounds are made up of at least carbon and hydrogen. Alkanes with 18 or more carbon atoms have high molar masses are waxy solids at room temperature are used in waxy coatings of fruits and vegetables propane is used as a fuel in barbeques chemistry. The most important reaction that alkanes undergo is combustion. Such names are part of the iupac system international union of pure and applied chemistry used by chemists to name organic chemistry. One can use this relationship, along with the additive bond enthalpies.

An introduction to general, organic, and biological chemistry, eleventh edition. Physical properties of alkanes comparison of boiling points for alkanes and alcohols compound b. This is the probability or chance that harm will result from the use of a hazardous substance or a procedure hazards and risks. This video will look at the properties of alkanes including branching, solubility, boiling points, polarity and reactivity. Preparation of alkanes from unsaturated hydrocarbons. Introduction of a halogen into a molecule chlorination, bromination general reaction.

Organic chemistryalkanes wikibooks, open books for an. Alkanes are generally unreactive and form the backbone skeleton of most organic molecules. Alkanes are used in a number of industrial applications and are found in natural gas. Properties of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes introduction hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Alkanes are used as the basis for naming the majority of organic compounds their nomenclature. The important reactions all centre around the double bond. Classes of hydrocarbons molecules that are made up of carbon and hydrogen 1. They are also called saturated hydrocarbons because they have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms per carbon. Alkanes are the simplest organic molecules, consisting solely of singlybonded carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Pdf organic chemistry introduction numbers and types of bonds for a common elements in. Chapter 2 alkanes and cycloalkanes introduction to. They are obtained primarily from natural sources such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Alkanes are formed by a continuous chain of carbon atoms. Guidance for reporting chemicals within the polychlorinated alkanes category 2.

Alkanes are molecules that consist of only carbon and hydrogen atoms, all connected by single bonds. Atomic structure, chemical bonding, chemical structure and in organic compounds. When it comes to halogens, you have to change the ending ine to o. Introduction to organic nomenclature alkanes, hydrocarbons, and functional groups. View notes chapter 2 alkanes and cycloalkanes introduction to hydrocarbons 1. To me it appears like a primeval tropical forest full of the most remarkable things, a dreadful endless jungle into. The second alkane is ethane with the formula c 2 h 6.